Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Propelled Obstetrics for Paramedics - Essay Example In specific cases, the signs and side effects commonly happen in 6 two months after the typical menstrual period, yet ectopic pregnancy may happen later. In a portion of the cases, queasiness alongside bosom distress, low pulse, shortcoming, dazedness and fair skin can be seen in the midst of the patient (Stã ¶ppler, 2013). Considering the way that various destinations of conceivable ectopic pregnancy implantation will impact patients’ introduction, it very well may be learned that the treatment of ectopic pregnancy requires implantation and genuine evacuation of the influenced pieces of a body. In a portion of these cases, Fallopian tube requires either pharmacologic or careful administration. Pharmacologic administration with the portions of methotrexate is vital for powerful treatment. Now and then, the direct salpingostomy medical procedure is performed, if a patient wants to get pregnant in future. It is in this manner foreseen that appropriate treatment and viable nursing care will unquestionably help in giving powerful and legitimate treatment to the patients under the condition of ectopic pregnancy (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2014). It merits referencing that the thought of Perinatal dismalness and mortality incorporates stillbirth and the passing of infants inside the initial 28 days of the birth. As per the most recent report of the Australian Bureau of Statistics distributed in the year 2012, 2,558 perinatal passings were accounted for because of Perinatal grimness and mortality (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). Once more, these 2,558 passings comprised around 1,355 guys and 1,203 females. It will be fundamental to make reference to in this comparable worry that one of the significant reasons for grimness and mortality in shifted locales of Australia is the discharge from placenta percreta, which brings about causing haemoperitoneum, an indication of perinatal dreariness and mortality (Government of South Australia, 2013). Thromboembolic is an ailment, which happens during

Six Point Movement in Bangladesh free essay sample

After the declaration of 6 focuses by Sheik Mujibur Rahman in 1966, the then Bhashani NAP, genius China Communist gatherings and Chhatra Union (Menon Group) were the first to explain their response. They guaranteed that the 6 focuses were in reality the formation of American knowledge organization, CIA. Its point was to create affinity with the USA by making issues for Ayub Khan. Be that as it may, such a clarification on the inception of 6 focuses was not acknowledged or demonstrated by anybody later. A few people opine that the 6 focuses were in certainty the making of some Bangali CSP officials †Ruhul Quddus, Shamsur Rahman Khan, Ahmed Fazlur Rahman. A fragment of the individuals are of the view that the 6 focuses were the joint creation of erudite people including the financial matters educator of Dhaka University. Close by this, another quarter accepts that the 6 focuses were set up by a gathering of liberal government officials of India. There was another fragment who used to guarantee that Ayub Khan utilized his preferred civil servant Altaf Gauhar to set up the record and afterward gave that over to Khairul Kabir (the then General Manager of Krishi Bank). We will compose a custom paper test on Six Point Movement in Bangladesh or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page His objective was to inspire political profits. As a result of these opposing cases and opposite perspectives in regards to the drafting of 6 focuses, its birthplace despite everything stays muddled and covered in riddle. The 6 focuses 1. The constitution ought to accommodate a Federation of Pakistan in its actual sense dependent on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary type of government with matchless quality of a Legislature legitimately chose based on general grown-up establishment. 2. The national government should manage just two subjects: Defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other remaining subjects ought to be vested in the combining states. . Two isolated, yet uninhibitedly convertible monetary forms for two wings ought to be presented; or if this isn't attainable, there ought to be one money for the entire nation, yet successful sacred arrangements ought to be acquainted with prevent the trip of capital from East to West Pakistan. Moreover, a different Banking Reserve ought to be built up and separate financial and money related arrangement be received for East Pakistan. 4. The intensity of tax assessment and income assortment ought to be vested in the combining units and the government place would have no such force. The organization would be qualified for an offer in the state charges to meet its uses. 5. There ought to be two separate records for the outside trade income of the two wings; the remote trade necessities of the government ought to be met by the two wings similarly or in a proportion to be fixed; indigenous items should move liberated from obligation between the two wings, and the constitution ought to enable the units to build up exchange joins with outside nations. 6. East Pakistan ought to have a different state army or paramilitary power. Six-point Program a contract of requests articulated by the A for expelling dissimilarity between the two wings of Pakistan and finish the inward frontier rule of West Pakistan in East Bengal. The Indo-Pak War of 1965 finished with the execution of Taskent Treaty. To the old complaints of monetary difference included the grumble of carelessness and lack of interest of focal government towards the safeguard of East Pakistan. Bangabandhu  was vocal on this issue. The pioneers of the resistance groups of West Pakistan gathered a national show at Lahore on 6 February 1966 so as to find out the post-Taskent political pattern. Bangabandhu arrived at Lahore on 4 February alongside the top chiefs of Awami League, and the day tailing he put the Six-point Charter of interest before the subject panel as the requests of the individuals of East Pakistan. He made strain to remember his proposition for the motivation of the gathering. They dismissed the proposition of Bangabandhu. On the next day the papers of West Pakistan distributed reports on the Six-point program, and Sheik Mujibur Rahman was anticipated as a rebel. Thus Sheik Mujib relinquished the meeting. The Six-point program alongside a proposition of development for the acknowledgment of the requests was put before the gathering of the working board of Awami League on 21 February 1966, and the proposition was completed consistently. A booklet on the Six-point Program with presentation from Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib and Tajuddin Ahmad was distributed. Another booklet entitled Amader Banchar Dabi : 6-dafa Karmasuchi (Our requests for presence : 6-focuses Program) was distributed for the sake of Sheik Mujibur Rahman, and was circulated in the chamber meeting of Awami League hung on 18 March 1966. Six focuses 1. The constitution ought to accommodate a Federation of Pakistan in its actual sense on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary type of government with matchless quality of a Legislature straightforwardly chose based on all inclusive grown-up establishment. 2. The government should manage just two subjects : Defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other residuary subjects will be vested in the combining states. 3. Two isolated, yet uninhibitedly convertible monetary standards for two wings ought to be presented ; or if this isn't achievable, there ought to be one money for the entire nation, however successful sacred arrangements ought to be acquainted with prevent the trip of capital from East to West Pakistan. Moreover, a different Banking Reserve ought to be built up and separate financial and money related approach be received for East Pakistan. 4. The intensity of tax collection and income assortment will be vested in the combining units and the government community will have no such force. The organization will be qualified for an offer in the state expenses to meet its consumptions. 5. There ought to be two separate records for the outside trade income of the two wings ; the remote trade necessities of the government ought to be met by the two wings similarly or in a proportion to be fixed; indigenous items should move liberated from obligation between the two wings, and the constitution ought to engage the units to build up exchange joins with outside nations. . East Pakistan ought to have a different local army or paramilitary power. The restriction heads of West Pakistan took a gander at Mujibs Six-direct Program as a gadget toward disband Pakistan, and thus they through and through dismissed his proposition. The Ayub government captured him and put him being investigated what is known as AGARTALA CONSPIRACY CASE. The cas e prompted broad tumult in East Pakistan coming full circle in the mass uprising of mid 1969. Under open tension, government had to discharge him unequivocally on 22 February 1969. The Awami League looked for open command for the six point program in the general appointment of 1970 in which Mujib got the total order from the individuals of East Pakistan for his six point. Be that as it may, Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttu would not join the meeting of the National Assembly planned to be hung on 3 March 1971 except if a settlement was reached between the two heads in advance. Sheik Mujibur Rahman and his gathering sat in an extended exchange from 15 March 1971. The exchange neglected to create any positive outcome. The military crackdown of 25 March fixed the destiny of the six point including the destiny of Pakistan. [Ashfaq Hossain] The Significance of the Six-Point Movement and its Impact on Bangladesh’s Struggle for Freedom and Self-assurance Introduction: The noteworthy Six-Point development in 1966 was the defining moment in Bangladesh’s journey for more prominent self-sufficiency and self-assurance from Pakistan’s frontier control. The six-point request has been broadly credited as the ‘charter of freedom’ in the historical backdrop of Bangladesh’s battle for opportunity and autonomy. The six-point plan had conceived, in addition to other things, an out and out bureaucratic type of Government dependent on the 1940 Lahore Resolution, a parliamentary arrangement of government straightforwardly chose by the individuals based on grown-up establishment, two separate monetary forms or two hold banks for the two wings of Pakistan, and a para-military power for East Pakistan. The stupendous accomplishment of the six-point development in 1966 had provoked the decision circle of Pakistan to dishonor the coordinators of this development. Despite the fact that Ayub Khan’s detestable system had utilized different merciless reformatory measures against the defenders, coordinators and supporters of the six-point equation, this notable development had genuinely affected and adapted the resulting political improvement in Pakistan. The fundamental reason for this paper is to evaluate the criticalness of the six-point development and its effect on Bangladesh’s battle for opportunity and self-assurance. When the principle substance of the six-point plan are summed up, the nature, extent, and effect of the six-point development will be assessed. Planned for proving and approving my own perceptions about the extent and effect of the six-point development, some academic perceptions will be refered to. At long last, some finishing up comments will be made. The Six-Point Plan: the Main Elements Sheik Mujibur Rhaman, the then General Secretary of the East Pakistan Awami League (EPAL), had by and by presented the six-guide program toward the topic panel of the All-Party Meeting of the resistance ideological groups of the then Pakistan in Lahore on February 5, 1966. In view of his â€Å"6-Point Formula: Our Right to Live† [March 23, 1966], the central requests and topics of the noteworthy six-point plan are being summed up as follows: Point 1: â€Å"The Constitution ought to accommodate a Federation of Pakistan in its actual sense based on [1940] Lahore Resolution, and Parliamentary type of Government with matchless quality of lawmaking body straightforwardly chose based on general grown-up establishment. † Point 2: The Federal Gover

Some Tips on Writing an Ethics Paper

Some Tips on Writing an Ethics PaperWhat is the ethical dilemma when writing an ethics paper? Writing an ethics paper can be a very difficult task because of the many ethical dilemmas, scenarios and decisions that are part of society. In fact, the amount of people who do not follow ethical standards can make ethics papers seem like something that should not be done.Sometimes it is hard to have a discussion on these papers because the person who wrote it has done this type of writing many times before and cannot write any better. Some people fear that they will be accused of plagiarism or even libelous content. It is important for you to do your best to avoid problems like these by looking for tips and tricks in order to make your paper look professional and unique.One way to avoid being accused of doing an unethical activity is to know your audience. The first thing you should consider is that writing a paper about ethics is usually a chance for you to express your opinions. You do n ot want to open yourself up to the consequences of being criticized by the public. Instead, writing an ethics paper requires you to use a safe topic.While the topics might vary, it is good to know the basic definitions of the issues. It is also important that you understand what ethical standards mean. If you understand the meaning of ethical standards, it will be easier for you to write an ethics paper that is really informative and useful.Writing a paper about ethics does not mean that you have to talk about things that are taboo. At the same time, you do not want to speak about things that are legal as well. This will prevent the paper from being used for immoral purposes.If you feel that your writing may involve the word 'ethics', you can always ask for help. There are so many sources that can help you avoid problems that can occur while writing an ethics paper. The internet can be your ally, especially if you need to look for information regarding the topic.Writing an ethics pa per is not hard at all but it will take a lot of hard work and effort to make it look real. With all the sources that can help you in writing an ethics paper, you should be able to avoid several pitfalls. You can also contact professors who can give you advice on how to write a good paper.As long as you have taken precautionary measures while writing an ethical paper, you should be able to see the right way. The article has given you a few tips in order to avoid ethical dilemmas when writing an ethics paper.

Summary Of The Girl Snickers - 1494 Words

Prolouge: â€Å"Do you even know how to drive this thing?!†The jeep swerves and we almost crash for what seems like the millionth time.†I was going to lie and say yes, but it seems you already know the answer.† The thing turns and glares at me.† I thought all humans knew how to drive.†The girl snickers as the thing bangs its head against the dashboard. It turns its head and glares at her. â€Å" I have decided what I am going to call you.†The glare becomes even deadlier.† I already have a name human.† The girl shrugs.†If you are going to kidnap me and drag me halfway across the country then the least you can do is let me name you.† The thing snorts and turns away from me.†You humans and your sentimentality.† The girl sticks her tongue out at†¦show more content†¦It is 12:50 am. She groans and bangs her head against the steering wheel causing the horn to blow. Arielle and Fred continue to drive for about 80 more miles and then pull of at a motel named the â€Å"Happy Inn†. Arielle snorts at the name and laughs so hard that Fred walks away from her done.†Hey, It’s not like I’m arguing with a pigeon!†Fred turns raising an eyebrow then continues walking. The lady at the front desk gives them weird looks, but no one can blame her. They do look kind of crazy. Arielle’s hair is every which-away and her clothes look like she hadn’t washed them in a month. In her defense, Fred got tired of her crap and threw her in a mudhole. Fred is also covered in mud from where Arielle had tackled him and he is also painted grey from Arielle spray painting him. â€Å"We need one room with two beds.†It is Arielle who speaks two? You lady at the front desk smirks and looks amused.†Are you sure you need her. She look mighty cozy.† Getting aggravated Arielle scoops some of the mud off of her and throws it at the lady and walking out. Fred shrugs and follows over. Fred throws the keys at Fred.†You’re driving.† Fred looks bewildered. â€Å"But I don’t even know how to drive!† It s too late Arielle is curled up in the backseat asleep. Fred glares at the ground resisting the urge to throw the keys. Why is it always me? Fred gets in the front seat and leans the seat back and after making sure all the doors are locked goes toShow MoreRelatedEnergy Bar Business Plan12506 Words   |  51 PagesBUSSINESS PLAN – CRAZY BULL BAR Group Members: Kerstin Frà ¼hwirth Onur Kaderoglu Miso Obradovic Raluca Oradea Inga Penteker Nino Puskar CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Business Description ............................................................................................................................................... 4 General descriptionRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstrategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio

Coming Of Age Stories From China Essay - 1115 Words

Coming of Age Stories The Cultural Revolution could be defined as one of the disasters in China. In that period, most of the students were forced to become sent-down youth and lost chances to be educated at school. However, Chinese people explored some important spirits in this period. Both Wang and Zheng experienced the transition period in China and they left valuable gifts to the next generation in China. When they recalled their sent-down youth experience, both of them found the positive point inside this dark period. In the period of Cultural Revolution, the sent-down youth movement made most people considers the meaning of life. According to Zheng’s article, Images Memories Lives, â€Å"In this former sent down youth are presented as cheerful youth men and women, physical strong and wealth, their labor rights and easy to shoulder.† At that time, youth started to think about if they joined the sent-down youth movement, they would gain the most benefit because they became society constructors. During the movement, they were not only make money for their families, but also contributed to the development of socialism in countryside. To be equal was one of the most important points in socialism and sent down youth movement made whole society approached to this main point. Based on Zheng’s memoir, â€Å"They also take solace in the spiritual support and companionship they offered one another in the countryside and seek to keep these relationships alive.† No one was useless in theShow MoreRelatedThe Concubine s Children By Denise Chang1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concubine’s Children was written by Denise Chang and published in 1994. The story is told by herself in an omniscient voice. Chang had written this book to find out more about herself and her family journey as Chinese-Canadian immigrants. To better piece together her family’s history and as well to put her ancestor’s events into a more chronological story for herself. Chang uses knowledge gained from family letters, photographs, and also her own recollection of the events she describes. 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A Brief Biography of Benjamin Banneker - 599 Words

Inhumane degeneration of colored people by human trafficking had once lasted for two centuries in America. Those trafficked by white people became slaves sold in auditions were strained and were commonly abused by their masters. Slaves were compelled to perform vigorous labor everyday for seven years in hope for a day that their master will release them. Benjamin Banneker was a son of a former slave who had wrote a letter to ex-US Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson in hope for Jefferson to take role in part of abrogating enslavement. Although Banneker was born as a free man, his determination of resolving servitude had brought himself to construct a letter to Jefferson. Through the use of emotional diction, tone, and religious allusion, Banneker emphasizes his passion for freeing slaves of America. Banneker’s word choice takes a large role in his letter as it show his persuasive bold stance and emotional message to Jefferson. Banneker used bold and compelling detailed phrase s, in particular â€Å"I entreat you†¦ your abhorrence thereof was so excited†¦ how pitiable†¦ groaning captivity and cruel oppression† (Paragraphs 1-3) moves readers of the letter responsively into feeling guilt and grief towards the ones enslaved. His word choice implies formally that Jefferson, the man who wrote the Declaration of Independence who stated â€Å"all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their creator with unalienable rights† (Paragraph 2) contradicted himself â€Å"you should at the same

Essential Writing Child Abuse

Question: Discuss about theEssential Writingfor Child Abuse. Answer: Introduction Child abuse is a menace which is gradually devouring different societies across the globe in different ways. It is such an evil, which, if not combated, can put the future of children in both developed and developing nations at stake. Child abuse should be considered as a serious crime and stringent laws should be implemented and enacted in order to put the abusers behind the bars. There are several reasons why child abuse should be condemned on a universal basis. Child abuse is when a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child. There are many forms of child maltreatment, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, exploitation and emotional abuse. It can be quite pathetic to learn that in the United States alone, about 28.3% of adults report to have been physically abused as a child (Shore, Conte, 2016). Physical abuse is one of the heinous forms of child abuse in which either parents or caregivers cause non-accidental physical injury to a child. But children are not only physically abused; they are abused sexually too. Sexual child abuse is one of the most condemnable forms of crime, which should be considered as an epidemic, which is spreading throughout the globe. Whenever an adult uses a child for sexual gratification, the child becomes victim of sexual abuse. Children are more vulnerable to sexual abuse due to their incapability to resist th e force or intention of perverted adults who want to use them as the source of appeasing their sexual desires. It can be shocking to learn that in the United States alone about 20.7% adults reports of being sexually abused as a child (Louwers et al., 2012). Children are not only physically or sexually abused; myriads of reports have been lodged mentioning about the psychological abuse of children. Emotional and psychological child abuse may be defined as those behaviors or actions that are committed by parents, caregivers, or by someone else which render negative mental impact on a child (Carey, 2015). There are different forms of psychological abuse which the child victim may experience. Such forms include, but are not limited to, name calling, insult, threat, coercion, application of force for witnessing either physical or emotional abuse of another, aversion towards restricting children from using illegal drugs, etc (McCrory, De Brito Viding, 2012). Child neglect is yet another form of child abuse which may be even equated to the crime of child psychological/emotional abuse. It must be taken into account that, Neglect is the ongoing failure to meet a childs basic needs and is the most common form of child abuse (Ashenden, 2016). Child neglect may take different forms, but every form is heinous, and there must be adequate laws to punish those who intentionally neglect children and thereby, put their wellbeing at stake. Some children, as victims of abuse, experience neglect in the form of physical neglect. In such cases children are not provided with their basic needs, including the need of having food, clothing, or shelter. Such voids compromise the safety and security of children in a thorough manner. In myriads of developing nations, a good number of children are victimized by the menace of educational neglect in which especially girl children are not given adequate scope to gain education. Then there is emotional neglect in wh ich a child becomes the victim of humiliation, intimidation, isolation, and ignorance. Moreover, it can be shocking to learn that some children also become the victim of medical neglect. In such cases the victims are not provided appropriate health care and such denial encompass dental care and basic medical care (Shore Conte, 2016) Every child needs some basic things in order to flourish in life. It is the duty and responsibility of parents, caregivers, and significant others to help every child to grow in a normal way (Lewis et al., 2016). Child abuse is one of the greatest hindrances in the way of normal growth and development of a child. It is a curse that has the potential to ruin the entire life of a child as every abused child has the tendency to carry the curse to the future course of life. Hence, child abuse should be stringently dealt with, and child abusers should not only be condemned but punished in such a way that it renders a deterrent effect on potential abusers. Reference List: Ashenden, S. (2016).Governing Child Sexual Abuse: negotiating the boundaries of public and private, law and science. Routledge. Carey, E. (2015). Child Emotional/Psychological Abuse. Healthline. Retrieved February 22, 2017, from https://www.healthline.com/health/child-neglect-and-psychological-abuse#Overview1 Lewis, T., McElroy, E., Harlaar, N., Runyan, D. (2016). Does the impact of child sexual abuse differ from maltreated but non-sexually abused children? A prospective examination of the impact of child sexual abuse on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.Child abuse neglect,51, 31-40. Louwers, E. C., Korfage, I. J., Affourtit, M. J., Scheewe, D. J., Van De Merwe, M. H., Vooijs-Moulaert, A. F. S., ... Looman, C. W. (2012). Effects of systematic screening and detection of child abuse in emergency departments.Pediatrics, peds-2011. McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., Viding, E. (2012). The link between child abuse and psychopathology: a review of neurobiological and genetic research.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,105(4), 151-156. Shore, D. A., Conte, J. (2016).Social work and child sexual abuse. Routledge.

Best Valentines Day Spots On Campus

Fancy dinner, expensive chocolates, and dozens of flowers. If you’re splurging that much money on Valentine’s Day, I hope your special someone really appreciates you for it! But if, like the rest of us, you are on a college budget and still thinking of where to take your date, our s have some ideas for you:1. If you go to Emerson CollegeCstubbe2794 (Emerson 16) suggests going to Christopher Columbus Park! It is about 10 minutes away by car from Emersons main campus, but its worth the trip out! Imagine how romantic it would be to take a stroll through this park with your date as the light snow falls! 2. Or, University of Southern CaliforniaSmileysabrina (USC 16): This is not exactly on the USC campus, but its really close! Its right next to the campus, near the Coliseum, and is by far one of the most romantic spots a lot of students go to! 3. What about University of Pennsylvania?Mizo (UPenn 17): If you are on Penn’s campus forValentine’sday, take your special loved one by the Schuylkill river for a night walk. Cozy up in White Dog for a dimly-lit dinner in a cozy setting, and then take a stroll. As you pass Penn Park and move away from the usual sights of campus life, you will be able to look out onto the horizon, as the walk stretches for miles. And when you both are freezing to the bones, turn back and head to Carina’s waffles for a sweet treat to end a sweetday. 4. Then theres University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill Linda Zhang(UNC - Chapel Hill 16): The most romantic date spot at UNC Chapel Hill is definitely the Coker Arboretum. It has an assortment of flowers, birds, wide open fields for a nice picnic, and cozy benches. Its a quiet and beautiful place to get to know your date better! 5. Andat University of California - DavisIngrid W.: Very quiet and beautiful place. Having a picnic on ValentinesDayhere is a top choice of UCD students. People like to look at the sky and enjoy the quiet and peaceful moment with their loved ones to recreating the famous scene from movie Up by Disney Pixar. 6. Finally, at Georgetown University kingcooper: Students dont go to the esplanade enough, but that might also be the beauty of it. The esplanade looks over the rest of the Georgetown campus with the Potomac River and Rosslyn in the backdrop. Grab some Wiseys, or if you want to be a little bit more classy, some Booeymongers, and picnic there. It would be a super relaxing time, but if you want to wine and dine your date instead, M street has plenty of options for you to choose from! What do you think about these date spots on campus? Leave a comment and let us know! If youre looking for help with your college applications, get in touchwith a mentorand have your questions answered by a successful college student.Search through our databaseto find students like you and see how they got into college.

Chile, mi pais de acogida! Essays - Latin American Culture

Chile, mi pais de acogida! Essays - Latin American Culture Chile, mi pais de acogida! Soy una estudiante francesa que vive en Caen, una pequena ciudad del norte de Francia. Este semestre, estudio en Vina del mar, en Chile. Entonces voy a hablar de las diferencias entre Francia y Chile. En Vina del mar, los precios son aproximadamente los mismos que los de las pequenas ciudades de Francia. Entonces, en Paris es mas caro pero en las otras ciudades como Caen, los precios son los mismos. Creo que hay algunos restaurantes aqui que son mas caros que en Francia. Pero, pienso que es porque somos en una ciudad turistica. En otras partes de Chile, creo que los precios son mas bajitos. Las estaciones son inversas a diferencia de aquellos en el hemisferio norte. Entonces, en Francia, es el fin del invierno cuando aqui es el fin del verano. Es por eso que, por el momento, es muy agradable saber que los franceses tienen frio mientras que estoy tomando el sol. Ademas, hay mas ayuda mutua en Chile. En la calle, si no encuentro mi camino, se que puedo preguntar a otras personas y que van a ayudarme. Una vez, he visto a un hombre que tenia dificultades para cruzar el paso subterraneo peatonal. Una persona le ayudaba sin problema. Pienso que en Francia las personas son un poco mas egoistas. En Chile, las personas son mas abiertas y generosas. Aqui, hay pequenas profesiones que no hay en Francia. Por ejemplo, hay personas que pueden limpiar tu coche, personas que hacen pequenos espectaculos delante de los semaforos o en los supermercados, personas que ponen tus productos en bolsas de plastico. En Francia no existe este tipo de trabajo. Pienso que esta bien para las personas que son necesitadas. La comida de aqui es diferente del de Francia. Las frutas y hortalizas son muy buenas en Chile. Tambien me gustan las chorrillanas y las empanadas. Pero, en general, la comida me parece mucho mas grasosa que en Francia. En Francia la cocina es mas fina. Para concluir, me gusta mucho estudiar en el extranjero. Es interesante ver las diferentes culturas de los paises y aprender los idiomas. El proximo ano, viajare en un pais anglofono para practicar mi ingles tambien. En mi futuro, me encantaria descubrir muchos paises y culturas. Me gustaria mucho!

Managed care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managed care - Essay Example However, during World War II, the market for healthcare coverage started to gain its momentum. With the motive to attract and retain the good workers, the employers started integrating additional benefits for the employees that eventually enhanced quality of their services. This even led towards integrating new concepts of healthcare into the organizations and certainly enhanced the quality life of the employees. Furthermore, the employees even being newly accustomed to the healthcare services accepted the new method of compensation heartily. This phenomenon further developed the ability of the employers to trade in the labor market efficiently, making the concept to be well accepted (Schield, Murphy, & Bolnick, 2000). Correspondingly, with the increasing demand for the healthcare services and their acceptance amongst the employees, the labor unions started demanding for introducing such services as a compulsion for the employers. The loopholes persisted into managed care services were noted to be gaining importance amongst a few of the insurers or employers. Furthermore, these were more evident during the decade bewteen1950 and 1960 when the economy started expanding. The insurers paid off the hospital and the physician charges to the employees under the healthcare service compensation. Observably, the healthcare services cost were paid by the employers for their employees following a procedure of reimbursement. However, the service providers went for incurring extra costs and thus were not controlled by the financial rules and regulations of the market. The boom of economy in 1950 and 1960 were represented by the slack economic seasons of 1970. This change in the economic settings of the society compelled the employers to obtain a detailed view about their overall expenses. Specifically, the compensations and their benefits were crosschecked that evidenced

Cross-culture management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cross-culture management - Essay Example Some of the major economic indicators of internationalization such as FDIs, international sales and overseas profits have been showing steady rise over the years. Enhanced multinational operations have led to increased multiculturalism in the organization. This has subsequently led to greater interaction and cohesiveness among employees and managers coming from different cultures and backgrounds. The study of cross cultural management necessarily focuses on studying behavioural aspects of individuals in the organizations located in different cultures and nations in the world. These studies essentially focus on the description and comparison of organizational behaviours across nations and cultures. More importantly it focuses on the interaction between people coming from different cultures and working in the same organization. These studies are found to be extremely useful for organizations while devising their strategies. Multinational organizations pay particular attention to the st udy of these literatures as it helps them devise international strategies. These literatures depicts past circumstances and puts forth evidence of different multi-cultural situations and their implications at the workplace which essentially contributes relevant and crucial factors based on which organizations devise international strategies and policies (Adler, 1983 p.1). The project seeks to bring forth usefulness of these academic literatures on national cultures which help MNCs devise their strategies. In this context, it brings forth the major cultural differences between the developed, underdeveloped and developing nations and also the typical differences existing between the western and eastern cultures of nations. Those aspects are essentially focused on which influences international strategies of organizations. Usefulness of the academic literature on national culture for helping a MNC devise its strategy Team working and functioning Multinational organizations are commonly characterized for conducting transnational projects. They are also conducted with the purpose of saving the cost of double parallel works in subsidiaries and making the maximum use of complementary resources. For more than 20 years, researchers have focused and shown that management practices necessarily remain embedded in national cultures and they have also regarded that the search for an effective and universal management style is meaningless. According to the views of Alderfer & Smith, (1982) individuals embedded in a particular culture tend to have and share certain common world views (Chevrier, 2003, p.142). These include particular ways of cooperating, conflict management, authority acceptance, or simple communication techniques. According to d’Iribarne, Henry, Segal, Chevrier, & Globokar, 1998; Triandis, (1994) researchers conducted on cross cultures depicts that national cultures can explain variations in attitude between 25% and 50%. However, there has not been any clear establishment of the fact that variety of world views affects team functioning positively or negatively. The conclusion derived from empirical research brings forth mixed views on the subject (Chevrier, 2003, p.142). On one hand it is advocated that the diversity of worldviews

The Political Philosophy of the Constitution Essay Example for Free

The Political Philosophy of the Constitution Essay From my own perspective I feel that the major ideas of the political philosophy of the constitution are to mandate non-partisan redistricting for elections to enhance electoral competition. For example: To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, five states (Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, New Jersey and Washington), carry out congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan commission. Two states, Iowa and Maine, give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them. Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations; these are Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming. Redistricting is also necessary within school districts, where attendance zones have grown (or occasionally shrunk) disproportionately to the occupancy capacity of each public school in the system. This always occurs when a new school is built or one is closed, but may also occur due to other shifts in population. These districts are necessary not only to balance enrollment, but also to coordinate school bus routes. Separate maps are usually kept for each level: elementary school, middle school, and high school, for example. This is not an inherently political process, however parents can become very upset when their children are moved from a school they like (or to one they dont), and occasionally elected school boards have been forced to change plans after protests. 2nd Eliminate lifetime tenure for federal judges in favor of non-renewable 15 years term for all federal judges. Judges and certain members of some senates or upper chambers (senator for life) most commonly have life tenure. The primary goal of life tenure is to insulate the officeholder from external pressures. And last a Political meeting which we know as a constitutional convention is a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. A general constitutional convention is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution. An unlimited constitutional convention is called to revise an existing constitution to the extent that it deems to be proper, whereas a limited constitutional convention is restricted to revising only the areas of the current constitution named in the conventions call, the legal mandate establishing the convention. Constitutional conventions have also been used by constituent states of federations such as the individual states of the United States to create, replace, or revise their own Constitutions though several states have never held a national constitutional convention for the purpose of proposing amendments, the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified not by the state legislatures, but by state level conventions after it was passed by Congress, as described as an alternate method of ratification in Article V of the US Constitution. Furthermore, The systematic elaboration of the consequences for politics of suggested resolutions of philosophical dilemmas (or of the intractability of those dilemmas). The greatest works of political philosophy try to present those consequences in relation to fundamental cosmological, ontological, and epistemological issues. They articulate a view of human nature which links the cosmological with the political. On a less grand scale, political philosophy explores the political implications of particular disputes, for example about the nature of the self (see communitarianism; freedom; liberalism; and autonomy), or about the notion of moral responsibility (see punishment). There is obviously a close connection between political philosophy and moral philosophy, because both involve exploring the nature of judgments we make about our values; consequently, when it was thought on epistemological grounds that it was not the place of philosophy to explore these normative matters, political philosophy was declared to be dead. Contemporary political philosophy flourishes because the epistemological argument once thought fatal to it has Do we need a Constitution. Yes! we need a Constitution because The founding principles behind the Constitution, were values created by men enduring the stress and pressure of creating a new union aside from the rule of Great Britain. Much debate and thought about human values and the rights of a free people were instituted in the writing of this famous document that has endured in the United States for nearly 232 years. Although there have been a variety of amendments, the basic content has been respected and used to govern in the USA throughout history up to the present. The majority of citizens believe in this document to govern our country as its tradition is valued still by many. Just like the Bible is a guide to many religious denominations, the constitution is a guide to the structure, laws and behaviors influencing the culture in America. In conclusion I hope that my ideology on major ideas of the political philosophy of the constitution are true and not of opinionated facts. I obtained my REFERENCES from: Hampton, Jean (1997). Political philosophy. p. xiii. ISBN 0813308586. http://books. google. com/books? id=-. Political philosophy is about political societies. ^ Sahakian, Mabel Lewis (1993). Ideas of the great philosophers. Barnes Noble Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 1566192712. Kraut, Richard (2002). Aristotle: political philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0198782001. (Cicero: a study in the origins of republican philosophy. .http://books. google. com/books. By the ninth and tenth centuries ^ Gellner, Ernest (1992). Plough, Sword, and Book. University of Chicago Press. p. 239. ISBN 0226287027. Natural Law and Calvinist Political Theory. Trafford Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 1412007382.

The Sacrifice of Life :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A simple definition of sacrifice is to give up something for the sake of something else, whether it is for another human life, for an idea, or even for a belief. â€Å"She was 17 years old. He stood glaring at her, his weapon before her face. ‘Do you believe in God?’ She paused. It was a life-or-death question. ‘Yes, I believe in God.’ ‘Why?’ asked her executioner. But he never gave her the chance to respond. The teenage girl lay dead at his feet.† (DC Talk 17) This example of a sacrifice really happened at Columbine High School in Littleton, CO, on April 20, 1999. In the story Iphigenia and in today’s society, justification can be found in favor of the sacrifice of life for the lives of others, for the sake of one’s country, and for one’s religious beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, one can see the importance of the sacrifice of one life in order to save many more. In the Grecian tale, Iphigenia is forced by her father and the multitudes of Grecian soldiers to sacrifice her life in order to appease the god that controls the winds. Her inner struggle consists of the desire to live verses the knowledge of the fact that if she doesn’t die, her family will be executed along with her. Iphigenia must decide which is more important in the grand scheme of things. Her decision to die is only made because she realizes that she is the sacrifice for the ones she holds dearest to her heart, her own family members. This devotion to her kindred is her reason for willingly giving her life. As Achilles speaks with Iphigenia about her decision, he notices the nobility and courage that she is putting forth in order to make such a huge sacrifice. This courage is much like the courage that is shown in the sacrifice of lives today for others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When searching today’s society for those that show courage and nobility like that of Iphigenia, one acknowledges the work of the firefighters and police departments. Every time a person of this profession leaves their station in lieu of a call, they are potentially sacrificing their lives for the lives of others. The many possible things that could happen to one of these workers while on the field could put them in a situation where their safety is questionable. It is understood that this worker must sacrifice his or her life for whatever person that is in need of help.

Billy Baines Middle School Essay

Billy Baines Middle School (BMS) is located in Fort Bend ISD, in Missouri City, TX. Its school teaches sixth, seventh and eighth grade students. BMS opened in August 2006 and was named after Mr. Billy Baines. Mr. Baines was hired in 1959 as the first African American principal and he served Fort Bend ISD for thirty years. BMS has approximately 1,400 students with an average 18:1 student-to-teacher ratio. BMS is a diverse school with equal distribution by gender and ethnicity. African Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics are predominating ethnic groups at BMS. Special Education at BMS consists of two classrooms. I had the pleasure of observing Ms. Wheeler’s class. Her class has four male students: Deonte, Samuel, Jonathan, and Cody. Deonte is an African American boy who appears to be about 16 years old, about 6’4†. Deonte shows characteristics comparable to Autism, Attention Deficit Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Samuel is an African American boy who is about 5’2† and roughly 13 years old. He shows characteristics comparable to Mental Retardation, and Language Impairment. Jonathan is a Hispanic boy about 15 years old, 5’ 6†, and shows characteristics comparable to Mental Retardation and Speech Impairment. Cody is a 5’1† Asian American boy who is left handed and very active in the classroom. Cody shows characteristics comparable to severe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and a delay in learning. Teachers spend an average of four years being taught to teach, however each student learns differently and there are about a dozen ways to impart knowledge. Students use an array of techniques to learn information, some use music, others learn by doing, or by using a visual aid to assist in learning. Teaching has truly become an art because there are many ways that students learn and process information. Teachers spend hours planning lessons that use each of our multiple intelligences. Howard Gardner introduced the multiple intelligence theory in 1983, and leads educators to think that humans have a wide range of cognitive abilities. By using many methods of instruction teachers can keep students engaged in the learning process. Ms. Wheeler’s class although engaged, was not fully attentive at all times. Her students had a difficult time staying on task. Ms. Wheeler was able to redirect students and keep them motivated. Ms. Wheeler motivated student with rewards for good behavior, correct answers, and following instructions. She also keeps a high level of enthusiasm, by using statements like â€Å"this is neat† or â€Å"this is an exciting thing†. Ms. Wheeler spends time planning assignments that will accommodate each student and their learning style. She uses different instructional methods to keep her students engaged in learning, such as group activities and centers. She does not use a great deal of lecture because students easily get distracted. Ms. Wheeler also uses the many tools in her classroom to accommodate the class. For example, many students are only able to read at a kindergarten reading level, so when the class read about the Ryder Cup Golf she used the SMART Boardâ„ ¢. The students who could read took turns reading while others followed along, some words would have small pictures above them that represented the word. After the class had finished reading she played an audio clip of the reading to review. Ms. Wheeler also used the multiple intelligence theory in her teaching, she taught students to brush their teeth and wash their hands after eating lunch, and this uses logical-mathematics intelligence. She also taught students by using the musical intelligence she had a music therapist come by to teach students how to use music to remember things they are learning in class. Ms. Wheeler’s class is located in room 1105, the front door reads â€Å"Welcome to Ms. Wheeler’s class†. Ms. Wheeler’s class has a welcoming and safe feeling even before you walk into the classroom. Walking into her classroom the first thing you see is the centers arranged around the room. Her classroom is connected to the other special education classroom by the bathroom and kitchen area. Ms. Wheeler’s class is bare with little on the walls. She believes that posters and art causes distractions to her students. Although, it is hard to teach students who are easily distracted, Ms. Wheeler accepts the distractions in a positive manner. She can get task with her students for a moment and find ways to easily transition back to the task at hand. For example, Ms. Wheeler was teaching about the life cycle of a butterfly and Deonte asked her whom she spent her weekend with. Ms. Wheeler replied that she spent it with her cat. In order to get back to the task at hand she told a story about her cat playing in the garden, and they saw a caterpillar. Her transitions between topics work well for her students. Ms. Wheeler’s students also show her a lot of affection; she kindly and professionally returns the affection. Samuel loves high-fives and hugs, while Cody likes fist pumps. Much of the affection shown in the class is done after a task or during transition periods. Ms. Wheeler quizzes her students after each completed task. She typically puts a worksheet up on the SMART Boardâ„ ¢ and calls on students to come to the board and answer one of the questions on the board. Also during centers the teacher or teacher’s aide will ask many questions to make sure the student understands the assignment. When students succeed Ms. Wheeler always praises them with kind remarks. Ms. Wheeler’s class was at most times chaotic. Her class follows little rules and behavior varies between students. Ms. Wheeler does remind students often to use inside voices and to pay attention. However, because the students are all special needs students you cannot punish them for behavior that is relative of their mental or physical disability. The instructor utilizes individualized learning objectives; she uses centers as a way to have one on one instructional time with her students. Each of her students are on different academic levels, so one on one time with her students is vital to the education progression of her students. Based on the progression of her students it is sometimes necessary to make adjustments to their individualized education program (IEP) and individualized schedules. In conclusion, observing Ms. Wheeler’s class has taught me about how to teach students who have any disability and how to individualize education even within the general education. My time in Ms. Wheeler’s class was spent only observing. Fort Bend ISD does not allow much interaction with their special needs students, because they want to keep their students on their adapted schedules. The theory behind this is the children are able to transition between school and home easier. My experience in Ms. Wheeler’s class has taught me the importance of patience when working with young students. It also taught me how important it is to have a student teacher meeting with each of my students and address their weaknesses and strengths. This will help me in making sure each student is succeeding to the best of their ability. I also have decided that when I begin teaching, I will use a large array of teaching strategies to accommodate the different learning style of all students. My desired degree is Education, Math fourth to eighth grade and in my classroom I can use an overhead or SMART Boardâ„ ¢ to allow students a chance to â€Å"student teach†. I can also use personal white boards for rapid math games. Observing middle school special education has confirmed to me that I could not teach special education. Those who can teach these exceptional children in my opinion must have a special quality to handle the demand of their jobs. It takes an exceptional teacher to teach these amazing children. However, I have decided teaching middle school is where I will be most effective. For a long time I believed that teaching elementary was always the way to go, but allowing students to take action in their own education is a future goal of mine. The only way I can see this vision come to pass is by teaching students old enough to take charge of their actions yet young enough to mold. Nelson Mandela once said, â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. † I want to teach the new generation that taking charge of their education will change the world around them.

Measurement System Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1480 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Section 24: Measurement System Analysis Introduction to MSA The requirements of measurement systems Variable MSA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Gage RR MSA graphing Attribute Measurement System Calibration of Measurement Systems Features of a good measurement system Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Measurement System Analysis" essay for you Create order Accuracy Repeatability Linear à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" produce accurate and consistent results Reproducibility Stability Introduction to MSA It is important that before you try to understand the root cause of a process or problem that you ensure the data you are using is reliable. The measurement system that is used will have a large impact on the data that is gathered. If the measurement system is not reliable it may introduce errors and bias into the data. A measurement system is the whole approach to the gathering the data in the measure stage. This could include factors such as; people, tools, standards, training and procedures. By using Measurement System Analysis we can identify the sources of error in the data. Some MSA definitions Bias: The difference between the average measured value and a standard. Repeatability: The variability resulting from successive trials using the same equipment. Reproducibility: Variation in the average of the measurements taken by different people. Accuracy or Precision: This is concerned with the correctness of the average reading. The accuracy relates to the level to which the average matches with the true value. Measurement System errors fall into two categories; Bias errors and Precision errors Bias Errors These errors shift the data from the measuring so that it is consistently a set distance from the mean. This is shown in the diagram above. Some examples of bias error are outlined below; A petrol pump is incorrectly calibrated by 1 litre so for every sale 1 litre less is pumped into the cars. A set of scales in fishmongers is incorrect. Each fish sold is incorrectly weighed by 10 grams less than it should be. The clock in a dentist is 5 minutes slow meaning that all dentist appointments will be 5 minutes later than their due time. Precision Errors These errors do not happen in the same way each time and so add a greater level of variation into the data. They are often related to the human interaction on a process; such as people measuring in different ways or taking shortcuts with process steps. There are two categories of precision errors; Repeatability: the variation caused by the measuring device. When the same operator measures an output with the same measuring device the variation from this is one of repeatability. Reproducibility: the variation caused by different people undertaking the measures. Different operators may measure the same parts in different ways leading to variation in the measurements. How to assess Precision Errors Gauge RR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility A gauge RR assessment of a process will enable the level of precision error to be quantified. The final produce that is being measured is always stable, therefore any variation in the results are due to repeatability or reproducibility in the measurement process. By undertaking a Gauge RR assessment we are presented with a percentage score. This illustrates what level of variation is due to either reproducibility or repeatability with the gauge. Although the scores are often assessed in relative terms; for example the level of one is greater than the other indicating that the focus should be there. Some absolute value acceptability criteria is also outlined below for the results. Marginal Good Excellent ÃÆ'†¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡30% ÃÆ'†¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡20% ÃÆ'†¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡10% Gauge RR for Continuous Data Suppose we ask 3 people to measure the height of 10 Christmas Trees 3 times. A sample of the data is provided below. So we now have 90 measures by the 3 individuals. From this we need to determine if the level of variation in the measurement system is acceptable for the data. We can determine the gauge levels for repeatability and reproducibility using the Minitab system. The first output from this is shown below. Components of variation: Columns 2 and 3 show the level of repeatability and reproducibility in the data. These results show that the level of reproducibility is higher than repeatability, which is within acceptable tolerances. Therefore improvements should look at the individuals to reduce the variation in their measures and not so much the equipment they are using. R Chart by Person: This is a run or control chart showing the sample range measures taken by the 3 people of the 10 different Christmas Tree. It gives an indication as to whether the operators are measuring consistently. As there is a lot of variation in the sample range measures this indicates there a high level of variation in the measures taken by the individuals. This reflects the findings of the first chart. X bar Chart by Person: This run or control chart showing the actual measurements of the 10 Christmas Trees by the 3 people. Measurement by Tree Reference: This shows the 3 measurements of each of the trees. This can show if there was more variation in specific parts than others. S for example, in this example there was a high level of variation in the measurement of tree 10 but very little for tree 2. You may want to investigate the reasons for this further. There may be some reason for the difference and there could be some adaptations that could be adopted from those trees that are easily measured. Measurement by Person: This shows the range of different measures from each person. Therefore it is giving a more detailed illustration of reproducibility. In the example we can see that Person 2 has lower average measurements that 1 and 3. Also person 3 has a lower range and variation in their measurements. It may be an idea to see if the technique of person 3 was different to that of 1 and 2. Tree Reference * Person Interaction: This shows the different measures for each tree for each appraiser. From this it is possible to identify if the measures of an appraiser is a lot different to others. This may have a large impact on the results of the analysis. Session Window Output Source DF SS MS F P Tree referen 9 238770 26530.0 27.1453 0.000 Person 2 7301 3650.7 3.7354 0.044 Tree referen * Person 18 17592 977.3 15.4777 0.000 Repeatability 60 3789 63.1 Total 89 267452 %Contribution Source VarComp (of VarComp) Total Gage RR 456.99 13.86 Repeatability 63.14 1.92 Reproducibility 393.84 11.95 Person 89.11 2.70 Person*Tree referen 304.73 9.24 Par t-To-Part 2839.18 86.14 Total Variation 3296.17 100.00 Process tolerance = 290 StudyVar %StudyVar %Tolerance Source StdDev (SD) (6*SD) (%SV) (SV/Toler) Total Gage RR 21.3772 128.263 37.23 44.23 Repeatability 7.9463 47.678 13.84 16.44 Reproducibility 19.8454 119.073 34.57 41.06 Person 9.4399 56.639 16.44 19.53 Person*Tree referen 17.4565 104.739 30.41 36.12 Part-To-Part 53.2840 319.704 92.81 110.24 Total Variation 57.4123 344.474 100.00 118.78 Number of Distinct Categories = 3 As the highlighted values are less than 0.05 this indicates that the Person does have an affect on the result. These figures are also reflected in the earlier graphs. The GRR accounts for 37.23% of the total variation and 44.23% of the tolerance. The figures also show that Reproducibility is a bigger factor than repeatability in variance of the measures. The figure illustrates how many distinct categories the measurement system is capable of handling. A standard figure is 5 and so any result below this indicates improvement in the measuring system is required. Gauge RR for Attribute Data Gauge RR analysis can also be used for attribute data; where data has been classified. For example a number of individuals may have been used to classify data, such as correct/incorrect, pass/fail or classification of colour. The Gauge RR analysis is again used to determine the level of reproducibility and repeatability. The graphical output for the Attribute GRR assessment is shown above. The Within Appraisers chart shows the level of repeatability between the 3 appraisers. It illustrates that the most consistent appraiser is Phil, who reached the same decision on 100% of the pieces he tested. However Peter is the most inconsistent. The second chart; Appraiser vs Standard compares how the individuals fared against the standard results. The results of Phil most closely match that of the standard (around 96% of the time) whilst Peters only matched the standard in 72% of measures. The Session Window Output is outlined below. Each Appraiser vs Standard Assessment Agreement Appraiser #Inspected #Matched Percent 95% CI Peter 25 18 72.00 (50.61, 87.93) Pam 25 21 84.00 (63.92, 95.46) Phil 25 24 96.00 (79.65, 99.90) # Matched: Appraisers assessment across trials agrees with the known standard. This data shows the level of agreement with the standard for each appraiser. Between Appraisers Assessment Agreement #Inspected #Matched Percent 95% CI 25 18 72.00 (50.61, 87.93) This data shows the level of agreement between the appraisers. In this case out of 25 pieces there was full agreement in 18 or 72%. All Appraisers vs Standard Assessment Agreement #Inspected #Matched Percent 95% CI 25 17 68.00 (46.50, 85.05) This data shows the level of agreement between the appraisers. In this case out of 25 pieces there was full agreement with the standard in 17 or 68%. MSA in practice You may not have the data to undertake a Minitab analysis of the level of Gauge RR in the measuring system. However the principles can still be applied. When measuring any process steps should be taken to ensure that the people measuring use the same tools and measure the process in the same way. For example, start and end points for measures should be agreed between the people doing the measuring.